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Maximization is a style of decision-making characterized by seeking the best option through an exhaustive search through alternatives. It is contrasted with satisficing, in which individuals evaluate options until they find one that is "good enough". == Definition == The distinction between "maximizing" and "satisficing" was first made by Herbert A. Simon in 1956.〔Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. ''Quarterly Journal of Economics, 59'', 99–118.〕〔Simon, H. A. (1956). Rational choice and the structure of the environment. ''Psychological Review, 63''(2), 129–138.〕 Simon noted that although fields like economics posited maximization or "optimizing" as the rational method of making decisions, humans often lack the cognitive resources or the environmental affordances to maximize. Simon instead formulated an approach known as bounded rationality, which he also referred to as satisficing. This approach was taken to be adaptive and, indeed, necessary, given our cognitive limitations. Thus, satisficing was taken to be a universal of human cognition. Although Simon's work on bounded rationality was influential and can be seen as the origin of behavioral economics, the distinction between maximizing and satisficing gained new life 40 years later in psychology. Schwartz, Ward, Monterosso, Lyubomirsky, White, and Lehman (2002) defined maximization as an individual difference, arguing that some people were more likely than others to engage in a comprehensive search for the best option.〔Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2002). Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83''(5), 1178–1197. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1178〕 Thus, instead of conceptualizing satisficing as a universal principle of human cognitive abilities, Schwartz et al. demonstrated that some individuals were more likely than others to display this style of decision-making. More recent research on maximization has identified three major components of the trait of maximization:〔Nenkov, G. Y., Morrin, M., Ward, A., Schwartz, B., & Hulland, J. (2008). A short form of the Maximization Scale: Factor structure, reliability and validity studies. ''Judgment and Decision Making, 3''(5), 371–388.〕 * High standards (wanting the best option) * Alternative search (engaging in a process of examining all the options) * Decision difficulty (frustration with making choices) Since these components were identified, the majority of the research on maximization has focused on which of these components are relevant (or most relevant) to the definition of maximizing. Researchers have variously argued that decision difficulty is irrelevant to defining maximizing,〔Lai, L. (2010). Maximizing without difficulty: A modified maximizing scale and its correlates. ''Judgment and Decision Making, 5''(3), 164–175.〕 that high standards is the only relevant component,〔Diab, D. L., Gillespie, M. A., & Highhouse, S. (2008). Are maximizers really unhappy? The measurement of maximizing tendency. ''Judgment and Decision Making, 3''(5), 364–370.〕 and that high standards is the only ''irrelevant'' component.〔Rim, H. Bin, Turner, B. M., Betz, N. E., & Nygren, T. E. (2011). Studies of the dimensionality, correlates, and meaning of measures of the maximizing tendency. ''Judgment and Decision Making, 6''(6), 565–579.〕 Many of these attempts to define maximizing have resulted in the creation of new psychological scales to measure the trait "correctly". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maximization (psychology)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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